Depending on the location and severity of one’s traumatic brain injury (TBI), individuals may experience a wide variety of secondary effects. Because no two brain
Following a severe traumatic brain injury, individuals may experience neurostorming (also called paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity). Neurostorming involves a sudden and exaggerated stress response as a
Following a concussion or mild traumatic brain injury, individuals may experience muscle weakness. Fortunately, the effects of most concussions are temporary and resolve on their
Abnormal posturing is a common outcome of severe brain injury. It refers to involuntary and abnormal positioning of the body due to preserved motor reflexes.
Contractures are a common secondary complication of brain injury. They limit joint movement and can interfere with activities of daily living. Without appropriate management, tight
A coma refers to a state of deep unconsciousness that can occur after a brain injury. When an individual is comatose, they do not show
Attention problems are a common secondary effect of brain injury. They can make it challenging to complete everyday tasks, maintain conversations, and affect your performance
Incontinence refers to the involuntary loss of bladder and/or bowel control. It is a common secondary effect of brain injury that can affect one’s independence
Aphasia is a communication disorder that affects one’s ability to produce or understand language. It is most commonly associated with damage to the left hemisphere,
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is a progressive neurological condition associated with repeated traumatic brain injuries. While it has gathered widespread attention because of its relation to
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